1. Nature of business and history

Genenta Science S.p.A. (the “Company” or “Genenta” - formerly Genenta Science S.r.l., a “società a responsabilità limitata” or “S.r.l,” which is similar to a limited liability company in the United States) converted to an Italian joint stock company (a “società per azioni” or “S.p.A.”) in June 2021, which is similar to a C corporation in the United States. The Company was founded in Milan, Italy by San Raffaele Hospital (“OSR”), Pierluigi Paracchi, Luigi Naldini and Bernhard Gentner, and was incorporated in July 2014. On May 20, 2021, the quotaholders (owners of the Company) resolved that the Company convert from an S.r.l. to an S.p.A., determined that the outstanding quota be converted to 15 million ordinary shares at no par value and adopted new Bylaws. The registered office remained located in Milan, Italy. The Company’s reporting currency is Euros (“EUR” or “€”).

In May 2021, the Company formed a wholly owned Delaware incorporated subsidiary, Genenta Science, Inc., intended for future operations in the United States (“US Subsidiary”). The US Subsidiary operates in US Dollars (“USD” or “$”).

On December 17, 2021, the Company completed an initial public offering (“IPO”) of its shares. The shares began trading on the Nasdaq Stock Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) on December 15, 2021.Through the IPO, 3,120,114 new ordinary shares with no par value were issued. 720,114 ordinary shares were subscribed by the Company’s existing shareholders through a reserved offering, while 2,400,000 American Depository Shares (“ADSs”), each representing one of the Company’s ordinary shares, were offered to the public and listed on Nasdaq. Subsequently, on December 27, 2021, the Company’s underwriter exercised a portion of its “green shoe” allotment for an additional 96,744 ADSs. The total number of shares outstanding resulting at December 31, 2021 was 18,216,858. Through the IPO, approximately €29 million was raised, net of listing costs (approximately €3.9 million). There were no additional ordinary shares issued from December 31, 2021 to June 30, 2023.

On May 12, 2023, the Company filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) a shelf registration statement (the “Shelf Registration Statement”) that was subsequently declared effective on May 24, 2023. It permits the Company to sell from time-to-time ordinary shares, including ordinary shares represented by ADSs, or rights to subscribe for ordinary shares or ordinary shares represented by ADSs in one or more offerings in amounts, at prices and on the terms that the Company will determine at the time of offering for aggregate gross sale proceeds of up to $100.0 million. The Company may offer and sell up to $30.0 million ordinary shares in the form of ADSs from time to time pursuant to a Controlled Equity Offering^SM Sales Agreement, dated May 12, 2023 (the “Sales Agreement”), between the Company and Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (“Cantor”), as agent, subject to the terms and conditions described in the Sales Agreement and SEC rules and regulations (the “ATM Offering”).

Genenta is an early-stage company developing first-in-class cell and gene therapies to address unmet medical needs in cancerous solid tumors. The Company is initially developing its clinical leading product, Temferon™, to treat glioblastoma multiforme (“GBM”), a solid tumor affecting the brain. The Company intends to continue its clinical trials in Europe and eventually start a clinical trial in the United States to study Temferon™ in other cancers. In June 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) selected Renal Cell Cancer (“RCC”) as the second solid tumor indication for Temferon. The Company is developing a clinical plan for RCC.

The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to early-stage clinical companies in the life-science and biotechnology industries, including but not limited to, risks associated with completing preclinical studies and clinical trials, receiving regulatory approvals for product candidates, development by competitors of new competing products, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, compliance with government regulations and the ability to secure additional capital to fund operations. The clinical product candidates currently under development will require significant additional research and development efforts, including regulatory approval and clinical testing prior to commercialization. These efforts require significant amounts of additional capital, adequate personnel and infrastructure and extensive compliance-reporting capabilities in Italy, Europe and the United States. Even if the Company’s product development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will realize revenue from product sales and profit from operations.

Liquidity and risks

The Company has incurred losses since its inception, including a net loss of €6.8 million and €2.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, and June 30, 2022, respectively. In addition, at June 30, 2023, the Company had an accumulated deficit of €42.2 million. The Company has primarily funded these losses through the proceeds from sales of convertible debt and equity quotas, prior to the Company’s conversion into an S.p.A., and then through the proceeds from its IPO. Although the Company has incurred recurring losses and expects to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, the Company expects that its existing cash and cash equivalents on hand of €12.2 million, together with the other short term marketable securities of €10.0 million as of June 30, 2023, will be sufficient to fund current planned operations and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next twelve months from the filing date of these consolidated financial statements. However, the future viability of the Company is dependent on its ability to raise additional capital to finance its operations. The Company’s inability to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on its financial condition and ability to pursue its business strategies. There can be no assurance that the current operating plan will be achieved or that additional funding will be available on terms acceptable to the Company, or at all.

The Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events considered in the aggregate that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The Company’s business model, typical of biotechnology and life science companies developing new therapeutic products that have not reached a balanced income and financial position, features negative cash flows. This is because, at this stage, costs must be borne in relation to services and personnel, directly connected to research and development, and clinical activities, and return for these activities is not certain and, in any case, it is expected in future years. Based on the accounting policies adopted, requiring full recognition of research and development, and clinical costs in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss in the year they are incurred, the Company has reported a loss since its inception, and expects to continue to incur significant research and development, and clinical costs in the foreseeable future. There is no certainty that the Company will become profitable in the future.

The Company’s ability to raise additional capital may be adversely impacted by the potential worsening of global economic and political conditions and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide. This could be exacerbated by, among other factors, the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and its ongoing variants and/or the war between Russia and Ukraine. The Company’s failure to raise capital as and when needed or on acceptable terms would have a negative impact on the Company’s financial condition and its ability to pursue its business strategy, and the Company may have to delay, reduce the scope of, suspend or eliminate one or more of its research-stage programs, clinical trials, or future commercialization efforts.

As stated, the Company will require additional capital to meet its long-term operating requirements. It expects to raise additional capital through, among other things, the sale of equity or debt securities, which may include sales of ADSs pursuant to the ATM Offering. If adequate funds are not available in the future, the Company may be forced to delay, reorganize, or cancel research and development and/or clinical programs, or to enter into financing, licensing or collaboration agreements with unfavorable conditions or waive rights to certain products which otherwise it would not have waived, resulting in negative effects on the activity and on the economic, patrimonial and /or financial situation of the Company.

Quantitative and qualitative disclosure about market risk

The Company is exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of its business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact the Company’s financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. The Company’s current investment policy is conservative due to the need to support operations. The Company invests available cash in bank time deposits with reputable banks that have a credit rating of at least “A” and Italian and United States government treasury notes and bonds with short term maturity. A minority of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents is held in deposits that bear a small amount of interest. The Company’s market risk exposure is primarily a result of foreign currency exchange rates, which is discussed in detail in the following paragraph.

The Company is an early-stage cell and gene therapy company commercializing technology licensed from OSR. The Company intends to continue to conduct its operations so that neither it nor its subsidiary is required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (the “‘40 Act”). To ensure that the Company does not become subject to regulation under the ‘40 Act, the Company may be limited in the type of assets that it may own or acquire. If the Company were to become inadvertently subject to the ‘40 Act, any violation of the ‘40 Act could subject the Company to material adverse consequences.

Foreign currency exchange risk

The Company’s results of operations and cash flow may be subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company’s liquid assets and expenses are denominated in EUR and USD. (At June 30, 2023, the Company maintained €12.2 million in cash and cash equivalents and €10.0 million in marketable securities. Changes in the USD/EUR exchange rate could increase/decrease the Company’s operating expenses, especially as more costs are incurred in the United States or, as USD are exchanged for EUR to cover European operating costs. As the Company continues to grow its business, the Company’s results of operations and cash flows might be subject to significant fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, which could adversely impact the Company’s results of operations.

Currently, the Company has recorded an unrealized net loss from exchange rate of approximately €0.2 million. The Company does not currently hedge its foreign currency exchange risk. In the future, the Company may enter formal currency hedging transactions to decrease the risk of financial exposure from fluctuations in the exchange rates of its principal operating currencies. These measures, however, may not adequately protect the Company from the material adverse effects of such fluctuations.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies

3. Research and development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including salaries, share-based compensation and benefits, facilities costs, third-party license fees, and external costs of outside vendors and consultants engaged to conduct clinical development activities and clinical trials, (e.g., contract research organizations [or “CROs”]), as well as costs to develop manufacturing processes, perform analytical testing and manufacture clinical trial materials, (e.g., contract manufacturing organizations [or “CMOs”]). Non-refundable prepayments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. Such amounts are recognized as an expense as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed, or until it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered, or the services rendered. In addition, funding from research grants, if any, is recognized as an offset to research and development expense based on costs incurred on the research program.

The Company annually sustains a significant amount of research costs to meet its business objectives. The Company has various research and development contracts, and the related costs are recorded as research and development expenses as incurred. When billing terms under these contracts do not coincide with the timing of when the work is performed, the Company is required to make estimates of outstanding obligations at period end to those third parties. Any accrual estimates are based on several factors, including the Company’s knowledge of the progress towards completion of the research and development activities, invoicing to date under the contracts, communication from the research institution or other companies of any actual costs incurred during the period that have not yet been invoiced, and the costs included in the contracts. Significant judgments and estimates may be made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the estimates made by the Company. The historical accrual estimates made by the Company have not been materially different from the actual costs. For further details, please refer to the Related Parties disclosures in Note 12 below.

4. General and administrative

General and administrative costs consist primarily of salaries, share-based compensation, benefits and other related costs for personnel and consultants in the Company’s executive and finance functions, professional fees for legal, finance, accounting, auditing, tax and consulting services, travel expenses and facility-related expenses, which include rent and maintenance of facilities and other operating costs not otherwise included in research and development expense.

5. Income taxes

The Company is subject to taxation in Italy, and with the addition of the US Subsidiary, the Company is subject to taxation in the United States. Taxation in Italy includes the standard corporate income tax (“IRES”) and a regional business tax (“IRAP”). Taxation in the United States includes federal corporate income tax (“IRS”), as well as state and local taxes. Taxes are recorded on an accrual basis. They therefore represent the allowances for taxes paid or to be paid for the year, calculated according to the current enacted rates and applicable laws. In the future, the Company may be taxed in various other countries where it may have permanent establishments, as applicable. Due to the tax loss position reported, no income taxes were accrued for the six months ending June 30, 2023, and June 30, 2022, in Italy or the United States. At June 30, 2023, the US Subsidiary had an immaterial amount of other state taxes.

The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities, measured at tax rates expected to be enacted at the time of their reversals. These temporary differences primarily relate to net operating losses carried forward available to offset future taxable income.

At each reporting date, the Company considers existing evidence, both positive and negative, that could impact its view with regards to future realization of deferred tax assets. In consideration of the start-up status of the Company, a valuation allowance has been established to offset the deferred tax assets, as the related realization is currently uncertain. In the future, should the Company conclude that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets are partially or fully realizable, the valuation allowance will be reduced to the extent of such expected realization, and the corresponding amount will be recognized as income tax benefit in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company recognizes tax liabilities from an uncertain tax position if it is more likely than not that the tax position will not be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the tax position. There are no uncertain tax positions that have been recognized in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. For the Company, the prior five years of tax returns (2018-2022) are potentially subject to audit. For the US Subsidiary, the open years for tax examination are 2021 and 2022, since the US Subsidiary was formed in 2021.

At June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, the Company believes there were no significant differences with regards to its deferred tax assets and its relevant components, compared to the computations of the preceding periods.

In 2011, the Italian tax authorities issued a set of rules that modified the previous treatment of tax loss carryforwards. According to DL 98/2011, at the end of 2011, all existing tax loss carryforwards will never expire but they can off-set only 80% of the taxable income of the year. The rules do not affect the tax loss carryforward that refer to the start-up period, defined as the first three (3) years of operations starting from the inception of the Company. The impact of the updated calculation of tax losses carryforward at December 31, 2021 and 2020 is deemed not significant with respect of the preceding periods.

The Company has analyzed its tax position by determining the amount of tax losses that can be carried forward indefinitely and has decided to accrue an allowance for related deferred tax assets as the Company is in a situation of pre-revenues that is destined to remain in the long run and there is no certainty of the future recoverability of such tax losses through tax relevant incomes. Future taxable profits for the Company depend on the manufacture of marketable drugs following the successful completion of the clinical trial. Since the clinical trial is still in a Phase 1/2a, the time frame and uncertainties regarding the outcome of the completion justify the full allowance of deferred tax assets.

6. Prepaid expenses and other current assets

Value added tax (“VAT”) receivables are linked to purchases. Italian VAT (Imposta sul Valore Aggiunto) applies to the supply of goods and services carried out in Italy by entrepreneurs, professionals, or artists and on imports carried out by anyone. Intra-Community acquisitions are also subject to VAT under certain situations. The Italian standard VAT rate for 2023 and 2022 is 22%. Reduced rates are provided for specifically listed supplies of goods and services. It is carried forward indefinitely and does not expire. Based on the historical timing and amounts of VAT tax credit reimbursement received by the Company, at June 30, 2023, the Company reclassified to other non-current assets a portion of the receivable which is expected to be realized beyond 12 months.

Tax credits on research and development represent a special tax relief offered to Italian companies operating in the research and development sector and can be used to offset most taxes payable. The Company has a total research and development tax credit available to be used of approximately €4.2 million at June 30, 2023, which can be carried forward indefinitely and does not expire. However, given the start-up status of the Company, and the fact that it will not be profitable in the foreseeable future (which limits the utilization of the credit), the Company recognized a receivable balance that represents the Company’s best estimate of the amount of tax credit that can be used in offsetting taxes payable by March 31, 2025. This estimate is consistent with the Company’s most updated cash budget utilization projections approved by the Board in March 2023. According to the budget approved, the Company’s available cash as of June 30, 2023, together with our investment in short term marketable securities, is deemed more than sufficient to cover the operating activities through at least the first quarter of 2025, without additional financing or other management plans.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company utilized approximately €0.4 million to offset certain social contributions and taxes payable, while during the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company utilized approximately €0.3 million. In addition, the recorded benefit for the six months ended June 30, 2023, and June 30, 2022, was approximately €0.4 and €0.7 million, respectively, to offset research and development expenses. The Company reclassified to other non-current assets a portion of the receivable, which is expected to be realized beyond 12 months. (See Note 8. Other non-current assets.)

At June 30, 2023, Other prepaid expenses mainly relate to: i) the directors and officers (“D&O”) insurance policy paid in January 2023 of approximately €0.2 million; ii) prepaid expenses of approximately €0.2 million recorded to adjust the manufacturing expenses accrued during the six months ended June 30, 2023, for the actual statement of work confirmed by the manufacturer; and iii) other minor amounts related to miscellaneous types of service agreements.

7. Fixed assets, net

For the period ended June 30, 2023, software was €87,800 and includes software customization and development costs related to information technology security infrastructure and the new ERP system.

Equipment consists of computers and furniture and fixtures of our office space in Milan, Italy. There were no disposals, nor impairments during the periods. Depreciation has been calculated by taking into consideration the use, purpose, and financial-technical duration of the assets, based on their estimated economic lives. No significant purchases occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

8. Other non-current assets

The VAT tax credit matured in 2022 and became eligible for reimbursement in the first six months 2023. As of June 30, 2023, the reimbursement had not been received, even though it was requested during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

The research and development tax credit decreased in 2023. The percentage of eligible research and development expense was reduced from 20% in 2022 to 10% in 2023.

Other non-current assets – include the ROU asset for the car lease in the amount of €33,240 along with the allowance for corporate equity (“ACE”) of approximately €0.2 million.

Other non-current assets - related party includes a security deposit of €3,350 paid to OSR as a security guarantee for the office lease. (See Note 13. Commitments and contingencies.)

9. Retirement benefit obligation

Employees in Italy are entitled to Trattamento di Fine Rapporto (“TFR”), commonly referred to as an employee leaving indemnity, which represents deferred compensation for employees in the private sector. Under Italian law, an entity is obligated to accrue for TFR on an individual employee basis payable to each individual upon termination of employment (including both voluntary and involuntary dismissal). The annual accrual is approximately 7% of total pay, with no ceiling, and is revalued each year by applying a pre-established rate of return of 1.50%, plus 75% of the Consumer Price Index, and is recorded by a book reserve. TFR is an unfunded plan. The costs of the retirement benefit obligation are accounted for under the provisions of ASC 715, Compensation – Retirement Benefits.

The amount of the obligation at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was €129,449 and €88,963, respectively.

10. Shareholders’ equity

After the Company conversion from an S.r.l. to an S.p.A. effective from June 2021, the outstanding ordinary shares of the Company since December 31, 2021, has been 18,216,858, no par value. All shares outstanding are held in ledger form with some of the ordinary shares represented by ADSs.

During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company granted a fully vested NSO on April 26, 2022 to its chairman at a price based on the Sub-Plan. The expense was recorded in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the six months ended June 30, 2022 in the amount of €240,043.

In July 2022, the Company granted NSOs on 392,740 shares to certain of the Company’s directors and employees.

In March 2023, the Company awarded NSOs on 46,400 shares to certain of the Company’s directors.

In June 2023, the Company’s shareholders reduced the number of directors from seven (7) to five (5) and modified the Plan to extend the final deadline for the issuance of the ordinary shares until December 31, 2035, in order to allow that all stock options granted during the term of the Plan could provide for an exercise period of 10 years starting from the date of grant. (See Note 2. Summary of significant accounting policies & Note 11. Share-based compensation.)

11. Share-based compensation

In April 2021, the Company granted options on its corporate capital to certain directors, officers, employees, and consultants, as an incentive and as additional compensation prior to the Company’s conversion to an S.p.A.

In June 2021, the date of the Company’s conversion to an S.p.A., all stock options were granted, fully vested, exercised and converted into ordinary shares with no par value, so that at December 31, 2021 there were no outstanding stock options.

In April 2022, the Board, as administrator of the Plan, awarded a NSO on 147,783 shares to its (former) Chairman according to the terms of the Sub-Plan attached to the Plan. The NSO was fully vested upon grant and carried a two- year exercise term. The exercise price of the NSO is €6.38 per share, as pre-determined in the Sub-Plan.

In July 2022, the Board, as administrator of the Plan, awarded NSOs on 392,740 shares to certain of the Company’s directors, officers, and employees. The director NSOs vested monthly over a one-year period with a 10-year term. The officer and employee NSOs vested monthly over a four-year period with a 10-year term; however, the vesting of the officer NSOs were adjusted based on hire date per their employment contracts. All NSOs were priced based on a 30-day volume weighted average formula, adjusted by Black-Scholes, which was determined to be $4.76 per share.

In March 2023, the Board, as administrator of the Plan, awarded NSOs on 46,400 shares to the Company’s directors. The NSOs vested monthly over a one (1) year period with a 10-year term. All NSOs were priced based on a 30-day volume weighted average formula, adjusted by Black-Scholes, which was determined to be $5.62 per share.

At June 30, 2023, there were 586,923 granted stock options and 1,234,762 stock options available for grant.

The Company calculates the fair value of stock option awards granted to employees and non-employees using the Black-Scholes option-pricing method. If the Company determinates that other methods are more reasonable, or other methods for calculating these assumptions are prescribed by regulators, the fair value calculated for the Company’s stock options could change significantly. Higher volatility and longer expected lives would result in an increase to share-based compensation expense to non-employees determined at the date of grant. Share-based compensation expense to non-employees affects the Company’s general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses.

The Company calculated the share compensation expense for the options granted by utilizing the Black Scholes method with the following inputs for each of the stock grants from March 2023, July 2022, and April 2022:

For the periods ended June 30, 2023, and June 30, 2022, the Company recorded €415,433 and €240,043, respectively, as the fair value of the stock options granted. The amount of unrecognized expense at June 30, 2023 was €1,471,743. There was no amount of unrecognized expense at June 30, 2022 as the options vested immediately and all expenses were recognized during the period.

The weighted average grant date fair value of the options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022 was €5.30 and €6.38 per share respectively.

Weighted average shares

The calculation was performed by taking the number of shares outstanding during a given period and weighting them for the number of days that number of shares were outstanding. For the six months ended June 30, 2023, and June 30, 2022, respectively, there was a weighted average of 18,216,858 shares of the Company’s ordinary shares, no par value, since there was no change in the number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period.

12. Related parties

Related party research and development expenses refer specifically to the costs of preclinical and clinical activities charged by OSR. The increase in related party expenses in the first six months ended June 2023 is mainly due to the Company’s new amended and restated license agreement with OSR (see Note 12. Related parties) and the reduction of the R&D tax credit compensation effect. (See Note 2. Summary of significant accounting policies.)

The Company has identified the following related parties:

These parties could exercise significant influence on the Company’s strategic decisions, behavior, and future plans.

The following is a description of the nature of the transactions between the Company and these related parties:

Pierluigi Paracchi

Mr. Pierluigi Paracchi, President and Chairman of the Company prior to the conversion, is the current Chief Executive Officer, Vice-Chairman, as well as co-founder. His current employment arrangement with the Company provides an annual gross salary of €420,000 plus a 40% annual bonus subject to Board approval. Mr. Paracchi also has use of a Company car, for which the Company entered an operating lease agreement in February 2022.

In April 2022, Mr. Paracchi received a bonus of €50,000 (gross amount), of which €23,000 related to the activity performed in the second half of 2021 and €37,000 for the activity performed following the IPO in the first few months of 2022. In July 2022, the Board approved an increase in Mr. Paracchi’s bonus from 20% to 40% effective January 1, 2023.

In March 2023, Mr. Paracchi was paid a bonus of approximately €112,000 (gross amount), related to the activity performed in 2022. The bonus was accrued in 2022.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, the Company expensed approximately €303,000 and €248,000, respectively, related to compensation for Mr. Paracchi. As of June 30, 2023, the Company accrued €84,000 for Mr. Paracchi’s bonus to reward the activity performed in 2023.

Luigi Naldini/Bernard Rudolph Gentner

Drs. Luigi Naldini and Bernhard Gentner are co-founders of Genenta and part of the Scientific Advisory Board (“SAB”), with Dr. Naldini as Chairman, and Dr. Gentner as a member. The Company has consulting agreements with each of Drs. Naldini and Gentner.

Dr. Naldini oversees the pre-clinical studies for the Company, specifically, in solid tumor indications. The consulting agreement with Dr. Naldini provided for an annual fee of €50,000 until June 30, 2022. Starting July 1, 2022, a new agreement with Dr. Naldini was executed, which includes an annual fee of €100,000. As of June 30, 2023, Dr. Naldini billed €50,000, and all the issued invoices were paid before June 30, 2023.

Dr. Gentner, like Dr. Naldini, oversees pre-clinical research related to the Company’s platform technology and in addition, he analyzes clinical biological data. The consulting agreement with Dr. Gentner provided for an annual fee of €30,000 until June 30, 2022. An amendment of the same started on July 1, 2022, providing new fees in the amount of €45,000 per year. As of June 30, 2023, Dr. Gentner billed €22,500 and all the issued invoices were paid before June 30, 2023.

Carlo Russo

Dr. Carlo Russo serves the Company as Chief Medical Officer and Head of Development. Dr. Russo is responsible for the clinical development of Temferon™, the Company’s gene therapy platform.

From the IPO date, Dr. Russo has been employed by the US Subsidiary with the same title, role and responsibilities under an employment agreement that provides an annual gross salary of $500,000, plus a 30% bonus subject to Board approval.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, and June 30, 2022, the Company expensed approximately €331,000 and €215,761, respectively, related to compensation for Dr. Russo. At June 30, 2023, the Company accrued €83,897 for Dr. Russo’s compensation and bonus to reward the activity performed in 2023.

Richard Slansky

Mr. Richard Slansky is the Chief Financial Officer of the Company. In 2022, pursuant to his employment agreement, Mr. Slansky was entitled to receive a gross annual compensation of $300,000 per year + 30% annual bonus subject to Board approval. Beginning January 1, 2023, the Board adjusted Mr. Slansky’s gross annual compensation and it was increased to $375,000 plus a 30% annual bonus (subject to Board approval).

In July 2022, Mr. Slansky was awarded a stock option grant and part of it was immediately vested, with value accrued into the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss of approximately €80,381.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, and June 30, 2022, the Company expensed approximately €253,000 and €173,317, respectively, related to compensation for Mr. Slansky. As of June 30, 2023, the Company accrued approximately €62,922 for Mr. Slansky’s compensation and bonus to reward the activity performed in 2023.

OSR – San Raffaele Hospital

OSR - San Raffaele Hospital is a co-founder of the Company and a shareholder with an ownership greater than 5%, and the Company is a corporate and research spin-off of OSR. OSR is one of the leading biomedical research institutions in Italy and Europe, with a 45-year history of developing innovative therapies and procedures. The Company has agreements to license technology, to perform research, pre-clinical and clinical activities, as well as to lease facilities and obtain certain other support functions. The Company’s headquarters is currently located in an OSR facility.

Amended and Restated OSR License Agreement

The Company entered into an amended and restated license agreement (the “Amended and Restated OSR License Agreement” or “ARLA”) with OSR in March 2023. The ARLA replaced the Company’s original License Agreement originally entered into with OSR on December 15, 2014, as subsequently amended on March 16, 2017, February 1, 2019, December 23, 2020, September 28, 2021, January 22, 2022, September 29, 2022 and December 22, 2022 (the “Original OSR License Agreement”).

The effectiveness of the ARLA was subject to Italy’s Law Decree No. 21 of March 15, 2012 (i.e., the Italian Golden Power regulations), as subsequently amended and supplemented, and would not become effective until the applicable Italian governmental authority consented to the ARLA. On April 20, 2023, such consent was received and the ARLA became effective.

Pursuant to the terms of the ARLA, OSR has granted the Company an exclusive, royalty-bearing, non-transferrable (except with the prior written consent of OSR), sublicensable, worldwide license, subject to certain retained rights, to (1) certain patents, patent applications and existing know-how for the use in the field(s) of Interferon (“IFN”) gene therapy by lentiviral based-hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (“HSPC”) gene transfer with respect to (a) any solid cancer indication (including glioblastoma and solid liver cancer) and/or (b) any lympho-hematopoietic indication for which the Company exercises an option (described below); and (2) certain gene therapy products (subject to certain specified exceptions related to replication competent viruses) developed during the license term for use in the aforementioned field(s) consisting of any lentivirals or other viral vectors regulated by miR126 and/or miR130 and/or other miRs with the same expression pattern as miR126 and miR130 in hematopoietic cells for the expression of IFN under the control of a Tie2 promoter. Lympho-hematopoietic indication means any indication related to lympho-hematopoietic malignancies and solid cancer indication means any solid cancer indication (e.g., without limitation, breast, pancreas, colon cancer), with each affected human organ counting as a specific solid cancer indication.

The rights retained by OSR, and extending to its affiliates, include the right to use the licensed technology for internal research within the field(s) of use, the right to use the licensed technology within the field(s) of use other than in relation to the licensed products, and the right to use the licensed technology for any use outside the field(s) of use, but subject to the options described below. In addition, the Company granted OSR a perpetual, worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive license to any improvement generated by the Company with respect to the licensed technology, to conduct internal research within the field(s) of use directly, or in or with the collaboration third parties; and, for any use outside the field(s) of use, in which case the license is sublicensable by OSR. Finally, the world-wide rights for the field(s) of use granted to the Company regarding the Lentigen know-how are non-exclusive and cannot be sublicensed due to a pre-existing nonexclusive sublicense to these rights between OSR and GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property Development Limited.

Pursuant to the ARLA, the Company has an exclusive option exercisable until April 20, 2026 (the “OPI Option Period”) to any OSR product improvements at no additional cost, which could be useful for the development and/or commercialization of licensed products in the field of use (the “OPI Option”). The Company also has an exclusive option exercisable until April 20, 2026 (the “LHI Option Period”) to any lympho-hematopoietic indication(s) to be included as part of the field of use, on an indication-by-indication basis, subject to the payment of specified option fees and milestone payments (the “LHI Option”):

No Option Fee is due for the fourth lympho-hematopoietic indication and any subsequent lympho-hematopoietic indications.

The Company has the right to extend the LHI Option Period twice for additional 12-month periods, subject to the payment of specified extension fees.

Prior to the effective date of the ARLA, the Company paid OSR an upfront fee in amount equal to €250,000 pursuant to the Original OSR License Agreement.

Pursuant to the ARLA, as consideration, the Company agreed to pay OSR additional license fees equal to up to €875,000 in total.

In addition, the Company has agreed to pay OSR royalties and certain milestone events as described in more detail in Note 13. Commitments and contingencies.

As part of the ARLA, the Company has agreed to use reasonable efforts to involve OSR in Phase I clinical trials for licensed products in the field of use, subject to OSR maintaining any required quality standards and providing its services on customary and reasonable terms and consistent with then-applicable market standards. (See Note 13. Commitments and contingencies.)

OSR maintains control of the preparation, prosecution and maintenance of the patents licensed. The Company is obligated to pay those costs unless additional licensees benefit from these rights, in which case the cost will be shared pro rata. OSR controls enforcement of the patents and know-how rights, at its own expense. In the event that OSR fails to file suit to enforce such rights after notice from the Company, the Company has the right to enforce the licensed technology within the field of use. Both the Company and OSR must consent to settlement of any such litigation, and all monies recovered will be shared, after reimbursement for costs, in relation to the damages suffered by each party, or failing a bona fide agreement between the Company and OSR, on a 50% - 50% basis.

The ARLA expires upon the expiry of the “Royalty Term” for all licensed products and all countries, unless terminated earlier. The Royalty Term begins on the first commercial sale of a licensed product in each country, on a country by country basis, and ends upon the later of the (a) expiration of the commercial exclusivity for such product in that country (wherein the commercial exclusivity refers to any remaining valid licensed patent claims covering such licensed product, any remaining regulatory exclusivity to market and sell such licensed product or any remaining regulatory data exclusivity for such licensed product), and (b) 10 years from the first commercial sale of such licensed product in such country.

The parties may terminate the agreement in the event the other party breaches its obligations therein, which termination shall become effective 60 business days following written notice thereof to the breaching party. The breaching party shall have the right to cure such breach or default during such 60 business days. OSR may terminate the agreement for failure to pay in the event that the Company fail to pay any of the upfront payment, additional license fees, sublicensing income or milestone payments within 30 days of due dates for each. In addition, OSR may terminate (with a 60-business-day prior written notice) the Company’s rights as to certain fields of use for the Company’s failure to achieve certain development milestones for specified licensed products within certain time periods, which may be subject to extension. In addition, OSR may terminate the agreement in the event that commercialization of a licensed product is not started within 24 months from the grant of both (i) the MAA approval and (ii) the pricing approval of such licensed product, provided that such termination will relate solely to such licensed product and to such country or region to which both such MAA approval and pricing approval were granted.

At June 30, 2023, the cumulative total amount of expenses for the OSR clinical trial activity from inception amounted to approximately €10.2 million and it includes the cost for the exercise of the first and the second solid cancer indication option fee of €1.0 million as well as the cost for ARLA fees for €0.2 million.

At June 30, 2023, there were no pending activities with OSR related to any agreement in place prior to the ARLA effective date, except for the project called “TEM-MM unspent budget reallocated to the TEM-GBM study”, for which the last tranche of activities corresponding to the 20% of the total project amounting to €197,500, as a whole, is still to be completed.

Operating leases

The Company entered into a non-cancelable lease agreement for office space in January 2020. (See Note 13. Commitments and contingencies.)

13. Commitments and contingencies

The Company exercises considerable judgment in determining the exposure to risks and recognizing provisions or providing disclosure for contingent liabilities related to pending litigations or other outstanding claims and liabilities. Judgment is necessary in assessing the likelihood that a pending claim will succeed, or a liability will arise and to quantify the possible range of the final settlement. Provisions are recorded for liabilities when losses are considered probable and can be reasonably estimated. Because of the inherent uncertainties in making such judgments, actual losses may be different from the originally estimated provision. Estimates are subject to change as new information becomes available, primarily with the support of internal specialists or outside consultants, such as actuaries or legal counsel. Adjustments to provisions may significantly affect future operating results.

The commitments with OSR relate to the office rent agreement and the ARLA while the commitments with AGC Biologics (“AGC”) relate to product manufacturing and biologic stability studies on plasmid batches. Insurance on operating leases are related to the non-lease insurance component of the Company’s auto lease agreement, which was entered into in February 2022 and has a term of four (4) years.

The Company has not included future milestones and royalty payments in the table above because the payment obligations under these agreements are contingent upon future events, such as the Company’s achievement of specified milestones or generating product sales, and the amount, timing and likelihood of such payments are unknown and are not yet considered probable.

CMOs and CROs agreements

The Company enters into contracts in the normal course of business with CMOs, CROs and other third parties for exploratory studies, manufacturing, clinical trials, testing, and services (shipments, travel logistics, etc.). These contracts do not contain minimum purchase commitments and, except as discussed below, are cancelable by the Company upon prior written notice. Payments due upon cancellation consist only of payments for services provided or expenses incurred, including non-cancelable obligations of the Company’s vendors or third-party service providers, up to the date of cancellation. These payments are not included in the table above as the amount and timing of such payments are not known.

OSR - San Raffaele Hospital

As part of the ARLA, the Company is obligated to carry out our development activities using qualified and experienced professionals and sufficient level of resources. In particular, consistent with the terms of the Original OSR License Agreement, the ARLA continues to require us to invest (a) at least €5,425,000 with respect to the development of the licensed products, and (b) at least €2,420,000 with respect to the manufacturing of such licensed products (subject to certain adjustments).

The Company incurred €1.6 million and €0.8 million of expenses during the first six months ended June 30, 2023, and June 30, 2022, respectively. The cumulative expense to date is €8.2 million, therefore there is no residual commitment for the Company at June 30, 2023.

The Company has agreed to pay OSR royalties for 4% of the net sales of each licensed product. The royalty may be reduced upon the introduction of generic competition or patent stacking, but in no event would the royalty be less than half of what it would have otherwise been, but for the generic competition or patent stacking. The Company also agreed to pay OSR a royalty of the Company’s net sublicensing income for each licensed product and to pay OSR certain milestone payments upon the achievement of certain milestone events, such as the initiation of different phases of clinical trials of a licensed product, market authorization application (“MAA”) approval by a major market country, MAA approval in the United States, the first commercial sale of a licensed product in the United States and certain EU countries, and achievement of certain net sales levels.

No events have occurred or have been achieved (and none are considered probable) to trigger any contingent payments under the ARLA during the six months ended June 30, 2023. For information relating to the contingency payments or future milestones for these indications, please refer to Note 13 - Commitments and Contingencies.

AGC Biologics (formerly MolMed)

The AGC agreement is non-cancelable, except in the case of breach of contract, and includes a potential milestone of €0.3 million if a phase 3 study is approved by the relevant authority, as well as potential royalty fees between 0.5% and 1.0% depending on the volume of annual net sales of the first commercial and named patient sale of the product. In the AGC Agreement, the Company entrusts AGC with certain development activities that will allow the Company to carry out activities related to its clinical research and manufacturing. The AGC agreement also includes a technology transfer fee of €0.5 million related to the transfer of the manufacturing know-how and €1.0 million related to the marketability approval by regulatory authorities. The agreement is a “pay-as-you-go” type arrangement with all services expensed in the period the services were performed.

In December 2021, the Company entered into Side Letter to the Framework Service Agreement with ACG Biologics to perform the manufacture of one (1) additional GMP batch of 24L INFa LV vector (TIA-126 LV- the “LVV Batch”), in connection with the Study TEM-GBM001, completed in the first six months ended June 30, 2022, for a total amount of €311,280.

In March 2022, the Company entered into Side Letter to the Framework Service Agreement with ACG Biologics to perform the manufacture of one (1) additional GMP batch of 24L INFa LV vector (TIA-126 LV) completed in November 2022, for €311,280.

In October 2022, the Company entered into Side Letter to the Master Service Agreement dated March 6, 2019 to negotiate a technology transfer agreement regarding the transfer and implementation of the manufacturing process in the AGC facility located in Bresso, Italy, including timeline, budget and the technology transfer protocol (the “Tech Transfer”) and AGC agreed with the Company to procure raw materials to be use under the Tech Transfer.

In December 2022, the Company signed respectively: (i) the Amendment No. 1 to the Master Service Agreement dated March 6, 2019 mainly to update the definition of raw materials; and (ii) a Process Transfer Agreement to agree on producing the raw materials necessary for the performance of the services related to the Tech Transfer for a total commitment of €405,000 for raw materials, € 40,500 for handling and €24,000 for the stability timepoints. At June 30, 2023, the Company was committed to pay a total of €62,190 relating to activities that are expected to be realized in less than 1 year.

In January 2023, the Company entered into a new Development and Manufacturing Service Agreement providing the framework under which AGC will provide services pursuant to one or more work statements to be entered into from time to time during the agreement term.

In February 2023, the Company entered into work statements Nos. 1 and 2 to produce LVV for ex-vivo application (TIA-126-LV) for an estimated amount, including raw material and third party costs, of approximately €0.7 million and €1.5 million respectively.

Operating lease - office rent

On January 1, 2020, the Company began a six-year non-cancelable lease agreement for office space with OSR. Withdrawal is allowed from the fourth year with a notice of 12 months. Since the annual rent amounts to €15,150, at June 30, 2023, outstanding minimum payments amount to €22,725 until December 2024.

Finance lease

On February 11, 2022, the Company entered a four (4) year auto lease. This lease has been recognized as a finance lease. The automobile underling the lease agreement is fully covered by insurance policies for the duration of the lease agreement, for a total amount of €27,985. This insurance policy is considered a non-lease component, since it represents services provided separately from the auto lease agreement. Therefore, it is accounted for in insurance expense in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss when occurred. At June 30, 2023, the outstanding payments for insurance expenses related to the automobile under lease amounted to approximately €18,000.

Legal proceedings

The Company is not currently party to any material legal proceedings. At each reporting date, the Company evaluates whether or not a potential loss amount or a potential range of loss is probable and reasonably estimable under the provisions of ASC 450, Contingencies. The Company was notified by Theravectys of the possible infringement by the Company of Theravectys’ exclusive license to patents no. EP 1071804, EP 1224314, and EP 1222300 granted from the owner of the patents Institut Pasteur. Each of these patents is now expired, having each reached the end of its patent term on April 23, 2019 for EP 1071804 and October 10, 2020 for EP 1224314, and EP 1222300. The Company considered the situation and determined that the likelihood of a material adverse effect on its business is remote. To date, the Company has not engaged in any such discussions with Theravectys nor has the Company received any further communication from Theravectys. The Company expenses, as incurred, the costs related to its legal proceedings, if any.

14. Subsequent events.

OSR Sponsor Research Agreement

On August 1, 2023, the Company entered into a Sponsored Research Agreement (“CP1 SRA”), which was contemplated under the ARLA, pursuant to which the Company will fund feasibility studies for certain gene therapy products consisting of any lentiviral vectors regulated by miR126 and/or miR130 and/or other miRs with the same expression pattern as miR126 and miR130 in hematopoietic cells for the expression of IFN under the control of a Tie2 promoter, in combination with any immunotherapy (“Candidate Products 1”), along with three additional research projects, to be conducted at OSR. If OSR determines that additional funds are needed, OSR will inform the Company and provide an estimate for completing the research. In August 2023, the Company paid the first tranche under the CP1 SRA in the amount of €200,000.

During the period from the date of execution from the CP1 SRA until six months from the last report delivered to the Company under the CP1 SRA (the “CP1 Option Period”), the Company has the exclusive option to include certain intellectual property related to Candidate Products 1 and Candidate Products 1 as part of the licensed patents and licensed products under the ARLA. To exercise this option, the Company must pay an option exercise fee. The Company also has the right to extend the CP1 Option Period twice for additional 24-month periods. The extension requires payment of an extension fee for each 24-month extension.

Amendment to OSR Amended and Restated License Agreement

On September 28, 2023, the Company and OSR entered into an amendment to the ARLA, whereby the Company and OSR agreed that the Company had fulfilled the obligations as set forth in the ARLA specific to Candidate Products 1 pursuant to the CP1 SRA. Furthermore, the amendment provides that the Company and OSR have no further obligations to negotiate and execute a sponsored research agreement for the performance of feasibility studies related to certain gene therapy products consisting of any lentiviral vectors regulated by miR126 and/or miR130 and/or other miRs with the same expression pattern as miR126 and miR130 in hematopoietic cells for the expression of cytokines and their variants (other than IFN or in addition to IFN) under the control of a Tie2 promoter, either alone or in combination with any immunotherapy (“Candidate Products 2”). Notwithstanding the removal of the obligation to enter into a sponsor research agreement with regards to Candidate Products 2, OSR granted the Company an exclusive option, to be exercised by sending written notice to OSR on or before September 30, 2025, to include certain intellectual property related to Candidate Products 2 and Candidate Products 2 as part of the licensed patents and licensed products under the ARLA. The option fee and the Company’s fee to extend the option period, if necessary, remain consistent with the prior fees to those costs reflected in the ARLA specific to Candidate Products 2. OSR will also have the right to prepare, file and prosecute patents and patent applications with respect to the results of Candidate Products 2. The amendment provides that the costs of the foregoing activities will be borne by the Company.